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By R. Rajendra, B Sivapathasundharam, 2008; Atwood DA. Clinica, 1971; Conny DJ, Tedesco LA., 1983; Newton AV. 1962 • A cleft lip and/or palate is one of the most prevalent forms of craniofacial malformations. A severance of the lip or of the palate, or both. Cleft lip and cleft palate are the two most common congenital craniofacial defects present at birth. • Cleft lip and palate (cleft lip and palate) In addition, there is a situation in which the lip does not completely form. The severity of the cleft lip will vary from mild (lip notching) to severe (lip notching) (large opening from the lip up through the nose). • Cleft lip and palate (cleft lip and palate) This condition occurs when the roof of the mouth does not close correctly, creating a breach into the nasal cavity. A cleft may occur on either side of the palate. It may go from the front of the mouth (the stiff palate) all the way to the neck (soft palate).  Even the lip might be included in the cleft. • Craniosynostosis is...

By Vimal K Sikri, 2008; Alani, A. H. and Toh, C. G., 1997; Cheung, G. S. P., 1990; Hotta, M. and Aono, M., 1994; Mahler, D.B, 1996, Retief, D. H., 1994 Various religious organisations have also launched oral hygiene campaigns. Both Hindus and Muslims deem rigorous attention to oral hygiene measures a must. Mohammed, born in Mecca in 570, adopted basic mouth hygiene practises into the Muslim religion. Until the advent of prayer, it was usual to rinse one's mouth 15 times a day. Sushruta was maybe the world's first dental anatomist to correctly define the morphology of jaw bones. He also indicated that the lower third tooth might push on the inferior dental nerve. His writings were translated into Arabic around 1800 A.D. Dental historians documented little improvement in dental art from the beginning of the Christian Era until about 1500 AD. The transition from prosthesis to reconstruction of carious teeth seems to be the most significant contribution of this age to dentistry. Ca...